Condições socioeconômicas, de saúde e hábitos de vida dos catadores de material reciclável / Socio-economic, health and lifestyle conditions of recycled materials collectors

O presente estudo objetivou analisar as condições socioeconômicas, de saúde e hábitos de vida dos catadores de material reciclável em duas cooperativas no município de Guanambi - Bahia, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza descritiva, analítica e exploratória e todos os catadores foram entrevistados por meio de um questionário semiestruturado. Houve predominância da faixa etária entre 30 a 58 anos (80%) (p = 0,007), pardos (55%) (p = 0,02), casados (45%) (p = 0,02), com 2 a 3 filhos (55%) (p = 0,03). Os catadores informaram que começaram a trabalhar com menos de 18 anos (85%) (p = 0,002), e recebem uma renda mensal de até 1 salário mínimo com o trabalho de reciclagem (75%) (p = 0,02). Em relação às condições de saúde, 75% afirmaram que possuem Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) (p = 0,02), no entanto 80% (p = 0,02) não utilizaram o EPI e não consideram que seu trabalho pode provocar problema de saúde (75%) (p = 0,02). Percebe-se que os catadores de material reciclável precisam intensificar o uso dos EPI's, visando minimizar os danos com a saúde, além de melhorias na renda e na qualidade de vida.

The social, economic, health and lifestyle conditions of collectors of recyclable material from two coops in Guanambi, Brazil, are analyzed through a descriptive, analytic and exploratory research. All collectors were interviewed by a half-structured questionnaire. Predominant age bracket lay between 30 and 58 years (80%) (p= 0.007), brown colored (55%) (p= 0.02), married (45%) (p= 0.02), with 2 - 3 children (55%) (p= 0.03). Collectors informed that they started work when they were under 18 years old and received a month wage of up to one minimum wage, by collecting recycling material (75%) (p= 0.02). With regard to health conditions, 75% stated that had individual protection equipment (EPI) (p= 0.02), but 80% (p= 0.02) failed to use it, insisting that their work does not cause health problems (75%) (p= 0.02). It should be underscored that collectors should improve their earnings and life quality and use their equipments to minimize health risks.

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Variations Associated With Specific Genes Putatively Identified Enhanced Genetic Predisposition for 305-Day Milk Yield in the Girolando Crossbreed.

Milk production phenotypes are the main focus of genetic selection in dairy herds, and although there are many genes identified as related to the biology of these traits in pure breeds, little is known about crossbreed animals. This study aimed to identify potential genes associated with the 305-day milk yield in 337 crossbreed Gir × Holstein (Girolando) animals. Milk production records were genotyped for 45,613 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This dataset was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the 305-day milk yield adjusted for the fixed effects of herd and year and linear and quadratic effects of age at calving (in days) and calving factor averaged per animal. Genes within the significant SNPs were retrieved from the Bos taurus ARS-UCD1.2 assembly (bosTau9) for gene ontology analysis. In summary, the GWAS identified 52 SNPs associated [p ≤ 10-4, false discovery rate (FDR) = 8.77%] with milk production, including NUB1 and SLC24A2, which were previously described as related to milk production traits in cattle. The results suggest that SNPs associated mainly with NUB1 and SLC24A2 could be useful to understand milk production in Girolando and used as predictive markers for selecting genetic predisposition for milk yield in Girolando.

Qualidade de vida dos portadores de doença falciforme / Quality of life of sickle cell disease carriers

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida de portadores de células falciformes atendidos pelo Programa de Anemia Falciforme. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo e analítico em 20 portadores de anemia falciforme e 40 indivíduos não falciformes. Coletaram-se os dados por meio de entrevistas no período entre fevereiro a maio de 2015. Avaliou-se a qualidade de vida por meio de SF-36 e WHOQOL-BREF. Apresentaram-se os resultados em forma de tabelas. Resultados: constata-se que a maioria dos pacientes com doença falciforme se declara como negros e castanhos e com baixo nível de escolaridade; os aspectos físicos e a capacidade funcional tiveram os piores resultados e, com a idade, o aspecto físico se torna mais comprometido. Mostrou-se, pelo questionário SF-36, que, entre os escores, os indivíduos com DF apresentavam dor, capacidade funcional, vitalidade, aspectos físicos, emocionais e de saúde mental como os mais prejudicados em relação ao grupo de pacientes sem DF. Conclusão: apresentou-se, pela avaliação WHOQOL-BREF, comprometimento significativo da qualidade de vida física e geral entre os pacientes com DF; já os participantes com doença falciforme sofrem um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida, o que interfere e influencia a saúde dessas pessoas.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the quality of life of sickle cell patients treated by the Sickle Cell Anemia Program. Method: this is a quantitative, descriptive and analytical study in 20 patients with sickle cell anemia and 40 non-sickle individuals. Data was collected through interviews between February and May 2015. Quality of life was evaluated through SF-36 and WHOQOL-BREF. Results were presented in the form of tables. Results: the majority of patients with sickle cell disease declare themselves as black and brown with a low level of schooling; the physical aspects and the functional capacity had the worst results and, with age, the physical aspect becomes more compromised. The SF-36 questionnaire showed that, among the scores, individuals with FD presented pain, functional capacity, vitality, physical, emotional and mental health aspects as the most impaired in relation to the group of patients without SCD. Conclusion: the WHOQOL-BREF evaluation showed a significant impairment of physical and general quality of life among patients with DF; participants with sickle-cell disease have a negative impact on quality of life, which interferes with and influences the health of these people.(AU)

Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de vida de portadores de células falciformes atendidos por el Programa de Anemia Falciforme. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y analítico en 20 portadores de anemia falciforme y 40 individuos no falciformes. Se recogieron los datos a través de entrevistas en el período entre febrero a mayo de 2015. Se evaluó la calidad de vida por medio de SF-36 y WHOQOL-BREF. Se presentaron los resultados en forma de tablas. Resultados: se constata que la mayoría de los pacientes con enfermedad falciforme se declara como negros y castaños y con bajo nivel de escolaridad; los aspectos físicos y la capacidad funcional tuvieron los peores resultados y, con la edad, el aspecto físico se vuelve más comprometido. Se mostró, por el cuestionario SF-36, que entre los escores, los individuos con DF presentaban dolor, capacidad funcional, vitalidad, aspectos físicos, emocionales y de salud mental como los más perjudicados en relación al grupo de pacientes sin DF. Conclusión: se presentó, por la evaluación WHOQOLBREF, un compromiso significativo de la calidad de vida física y general entre los pacientes con DF; ya los participantes con enfermedad falciforme sufren un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida, lo que interfiere e influye en la salud de esas personas.(AU)

Implantação do esgotamento sanitário, impacto na taxa de mortalidade infantil / Implementation of sanitary sewage, impact on child mortality rate

Objetivo: avaliar o impacto da implantação do serviço de esgotamento sanitário na taxa de mortalidade infantil. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, analítico, exploratório, de corte longitudinal. Elencaram-se, como amostra crianças na faixa etária de 0-1 ano de idade. Utilizou-se, como instrumento da pesquisa, o levantamento de dados disponíveis na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SMS) e Serviço de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB), no DATASUS, no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e na Empresa Baiana de Água e Saneamento (EMBASA). Restringiu-se a abrangência a um período variando entre 2006 a 2017. Utilizou-se o programa BioEstat 5.0., para análise dos dados. Resultados: revela-se que ocorreu uma redução na taxa de mortalidade infantil (TMI), entre os anos de 2006 a 2017, após a implantação do serviço de esgotamento sanitário. Detalha-se que houve uma associação linear inversa, significativa (p<0,01) e de alta magnitude (r= -0,92) entre a taxa de mortalidade infantil e ano. Conclusão: conclui-se que o investimento em saneamento básico é fator importante na redução da mortalidade infantil.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the impact of the implementation of sewage service on the infant mortality rate. Method: this is a quantitative, analytical, exploratory, longitudinal study. The sample included children aged zero to one year old. The research instrument used was the survey of data available at the Municipal Health Secretariat (MHS) and the Primary Care Information Service (PCIS), DATASUS, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Bahia Company of Water and Sanitation (EMBASA). The scope was restricted to a period ranging from 2006 to 2017. BioEstat 5.0 was used for data analysis. Results: it is revealed that there was a reduction in the infant mortality rate (IMR), from 2006 to 2017, after the implementation of the sewage service. It is noted that there was a significant inverse linear association (p <0.01) and high magnitude (r = -0.92) between infant mortality rate and year. Conclusion: it is concluded that investment in basic sanitation is an important factor in reducing infant mortality.(AU)

Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de la implementación del servicio de alcantarillado sanitario en la tasa de mortalidad infantil. Método: este es un estudio cuantitativo, analítico, exploratorio, de cohorte longitudinal. La muestra incluyó niños de 0 a 1 años. El instrumento de investigación utilizado fue la encuesta de datos disponibles en la Secretaría Municipal de Salud (SMS) y el Servicio de Información de Atención Primaria (SIAB), en DATASUS, el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE) y la Compañía de Bahía. Agua y Saneamiento (EMBASA). El alcance se restringió a un período comprendido entre 2006 y 2017. Se utilizó el programa BioEstat 5.0, para el análisis de datos. Resultados: se revela que hubo una reducción en la tasa de mortalidad infantil (IMR), de 2006 a 2017, después de la implementación del servicio de alcantarillado. Se observa que hubo una asociación lineal inversa significativa (p <0.01) y una alta magnitud (r = -0.92) entre la tasa de mortalidad infantil y el año. Conclusión: se concluye que la inversión en saneamiento básico es un factor importante para reducir la mortalidad infantil.(AU)

Quality of life of participants and non-participants of public physical exercise programs / Qualidade de vida de idosos participantes e não participantes de programas públicos de exercícios físicos

Abstract Objective: to compare the quality of life of elderly participants and non-participants of public physical exercise programs. Method: a control, analytical and cross-sectional study analyzing 108 elderly participants of public exercise programs (SG) and 126 non-participants (CG) in the city of Goiânia, Goias, Brazil, was performed. An initial Assessment Form, the Mental State Mini-Exam, the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the World Health Organization Quality of Life - Bref (Whoqol-Bref) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life - Old (Whoqol-Old) were used. Comparison of socio-demographic profile and health conditions was performed using the Chi-squared test, while comparison of the quality of life of the SG and the CG was performed using covariance analysis (ANCOVA), followed by the post-hoc Tukey test. Results: the elderly persons in the SG had higher mean scores than those of the CG in all the Whoqol-Bref and Whoqol-Old domains (p<0.05). The active elderly in the CG did not exhibit differences in relation to the insufficiently active or sedentary members of the CG for any Whoqol-Bref or Whoqol-old domain (p≥0.05). Conclusion: the elderly participants in public physical exercise programs had a better perception of quality of life than non-participating elderly persons, and it was found that simply being active may not be enough to guarantee a better quality of life. AU

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar a qualidade de vida de idosos participantes e não participantes de programas públicos de exercícios físicos. Método: Estudo caso controle, analítico e transversal que analisou 108 idosos participantes de programas públicos de exercícios (GE) e 126 não participantes (GC), do município de Goiânia, GO, Brasil. Foram utilizados como instrumentos uma Ficha de avaliação inicial, o Miniexame de Estado Mental, a versão curta do International Physical Activity Questionnaire, o World Health Organization Quality of Life - Bref (Whoqol-Bref) e o World Health Organization Quality of Life - Old (Whoqol-Old). A comparação do perfil sociodemográfico e das condições de saúde foi realizada aplicando o teste qui-quadrado, a comparação da qualidade de vida entre o GE e o GC foi realizada utilizando a análise da covariância (ANCOVA), seguido do teste de Tukey, a posteriori. Resultados: Os idosos do GE apresentaram escores médios superiores em relação aos do GC para todos os domínios do Whoqol-Brefe do Whoqol-Old(p<0,05). Os idosos ativos do GC não apresentaram diferenças em relação aos insuficientemente ativos ou sedentários do GC para nenhum domínio do Whoqol-Bref e nem do Whoqol-old (p≥0,05). Conclusão: Os idosos participantes de programas públicos de exercícios físicos apresentaram melhor percepção de qualidade de vida de idosos não participantes, e ser simplesmente ativo pode não ser suficiente para garantir uma melhor qualidade de vida. AU

Qualidade de vida de mulheres com dor pélvica crônica / Quality of life of women with chronic pelvic pain

Os objetivos deste estudo transversal foram comparar a qualidade de vida e as características socioeconômicas de mulheres com e sem dor pélvica e investigar achados clínicos e cirúrgicos de mulheres com dor pélvica crônica. Os dados foram coletados em um hospital público, de Goiânia/GO, Brasil. A intensidade da dor foi aferida pela escala analógica visual e qualidade de vida avaliada pelo SF-36. A maioria das mulheres classificou a dor como intensa (52%) e conviviam com a dor há 8,8 (±7,7) anos. Mulheres do grupo com dor pélvica crônica apresentaram escores inferiores em todas as dimensões avaliadas pelo SF-36 (p< 0,05), exceto na dimensão saúde mental, quando comparado com o grupo sem dor. A correlação foi negativa (p=0,017) entre a intensidade da dor e a dimensão dor do SF-36. A dor pélvica apresentou impacto negativo significativo na qualidade de vida, com prejuízos para a saúde física e mental das mulheres.

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare the quality of life and socioeconomic characteristics of women with and without pelvic pain and investigate clinical and surgical findings about women with chronic pelvic pain. Data were collected in a public hospital in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Pain intensity was measured using the visual analogical scale, whereas quality of life was assessed through the SF-36. Most women classified pain as intensive (52%) and lived with pain for 8.8 (±7.7) years. Women belonging to the group of chronic pelvic pain scored less in all dimensions evaluated by the SF-36 (p< 0.05), except for the mental health dimension, when compared to the painless group. Correlation was negative (p=0,017) between pain intensity and the SF-36 bodily pain dimension. Pelvic pain presented significant negative impact on quality of life with losses to the physical and mental health of women.

Epidemiological and environmental aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in children under 15 years of age between 2007 and 2012 in the City of Araguaína, State of Tocantins, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) stands out as a zoonosis observed on four continents and also in urban expansion zones in several regions of Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study of VL cases in children under 15 years of age in the period from 2007 to 2012. Clinical data were gathered from medical reports; meteorological data were obtained at the Meteorological Measurement Department of UFT. Environmental variables were divided into two periods, rainy and dry. RESULTS: The study revealed no difference by gender (p=0.67) among the 821 patients. However, the most affected age group was between one and five years of age (58.6%; p<0.01); the highest prevalence of the disease (99.03%; p<0.01) occurred in urban zones; and the most affected ethnic group (85.5%; p<0.01) was mixed race. The highest incidence coefficients in this population occurred in 2007 and 2008 (578.39/100,000 inhabitants; 18.5/100,000 inhabitants, respectively), whereas the highest lethality coefficients occurred in 2008 and 2011 (0.85/100 deaths). There was no significant correlation between average rainfall and the number of VL cases. The correlation between temperature and number of VL cases was negative (r = -0.4039; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In Araguaína, visceral leishmaniasis in children under 15 years is an urban-based endemic disease distributed across all districts of the city wherein temperature as an environmental factor, a higher prevalence in mixed race children between one and five years of age, and a high incidence coefficient all strongly contribute to child mortality.

Epidemiological and environmental aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in children under 15 years of age between 2007 and 2012 in the City of Araguaína, State of Tocantins, Brazil

Introduction Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) stands out as a zoonosis observed on four continents and also in urban expansion zones in several regions of Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional epidemiological study of VL cases in children under 15 years of age in the period from 2007 to 2012. Clinical data were gathered from medical reports; meteorological data were obtained at the Meteorological Measurement Department of UFT. Environmental variables were divided into two periods, rainy and dry. Results The study revealed no difference by gender (p=0.67) among the 821 patients. However, the most affected age group was between one and five years of age (58.6%; p<0.01); the highest prevalence of the disease (99.03%; p<0.01) occurred in urban zones; and the most affected ethnic group (85.5%; p<0.01) was mixed race. The highest incidence coefficients in this population occurred in 2007 and 2008 (578.39/100,000 inhabitants; 18.5/100,000 inhabitants, respectively), whereas the highest lethality coefficients occurred in 2008 and 2011 (0.85/100 deaths). There was no significant correlation between average rainfall and the number of VL cases. The correlation between temperature and number of VL cases was negative (r = -0.4039; p<0.01). Conclusions In Araguaína, visceral leishmaniasis in children under 15 years is an urban-based endemic disease distributed across all districts of the city wherein temperature as an environmental factor, a higher prevalence in mixed race children between one and five years of age, and a high incidence coefficient all strongly contribute to child mortality. .

[Depressive symptoms in women with chronic pelvic pain]. / Sintomas depressivos em mulheres com dor pelvica cronica.

PURPOSE: To investigate the presence of depressive symptoms in women with chronic pelvic pain. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed with women aged 18 years or older, diagnosed with chronic pelvic pain, with no pregnancy history in the previous year, and with no cancer history. The sample was established by calculating the representative sample, estimated as 50 women. All women were undergoing treatment at a gynecology outpatient clinic, referred by the primary health care network of the Brazilian national health system. Data collection was performed from October 2009 to May 2010. The women's sociodemographic, economic and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Pain intensity was evaluated using a visual analogue scale. The depressive symptoms were investigated using Beck's Depression Inventory. Statistical analysis was performed using position measures (mean, median), dispersion (standard deviation) and the χ² test. Values of p ≤ .05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was 41.6 ± 9.4 years. The following features predominated: secondary education level; pardo (brown) skin color; Catholic religion; and living with a steady partner. Most (98%) were economically active and worked with general domestic services. Regarding the participants' subjective perception of pain, 52% reported experiencing intense pain, while 48% reported experiencing moderate pain. Most women (52%) had been living with pain for five years or less, and 30%, for over 11 years. The mean BDI score was 17.4 (± 9.4). It was observed that 58% of the women presented mild, moderate and severe depressive symptoms according to the BDI. The most frequent depressive symptoms were fatigability, loss of libido, irritability, difficulty to work, somatic preoccupations, crying, dissatisfaction, sadness, and insomnia. CONCLUSION: Depressive symptoms were frequent among these women suffering with chronic pelvic pain.

Sintomas depressivos em mulheres com dor pelvica cronica / Depressive symptomsin womenwith chronic pelvic pain

OBJETIVO: Investigar a presença de sintomas depressivos em mulheres com dor pélvica crônica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal descritivo, no qual foram incluídas mulheres com diagnóstico de dor pélvica crônica, com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, sem gravidez no último ano e sem câncer. A amostra foi definida com base no cálculo de amostragem representativa que estimou o quantitativo de 50 mulheres, que estavam em seguimento no ambulatório de Ginecologia, tendo sido encaminhadas pela rede básica do Sistema Único de Saúde. A coleta dos dados ocorreu no período de outubro de 2009 a maio de 2010. Foram analisadas características sociodemográficas, econômicas e clínicas. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada pela escala analógica visual. Os sintomas depressivos foram investigados pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck.Para análise estatística, foram utilizadas medidas de posição (média, mediana), dispersão (desvio padrão) e teste do χ2. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de p≤0,05. RESULTADOS: A média de idade das participantes foi de 41,6±9,4 anos. Predominaram mulheres com nível médio de escolaridade, cor parda, religião católica, que viviam com o companheiro fixo. A maioria (98%) estava economicamente ativa, tendo como ocupação serviços domésticos. Quanto à percepção subjetiva da dor, evidenciou-se que 52% afirmaram dor intensa e 48%, moderada. A maioria das mulheres (52%) convivia com a dor há menos de cinco anos, e 30%, há mais de 11 anos. O escore médio do BDI foi de 17,4 (±9,4). Foi observado que 58% das mulheres tiveram sintomas depressivos de grau leve, moderado e grave avaliados pelo BDI. Os sintomas depressivos de frequências mais ...

PURPOSE: To investigate the presence of depressive symptoms in women with chronic pelvic pain. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed with women aged 18 years or older, diagnosed with chronic pelvic pain, with no pregnancy history in the previous year, and with no cancer history. The sample was established by calculating the representative sample, estimated as 50 women. All women were undergoing treatment at a gynecology outpatient clinic, referred by the primary health care network of the Brazilian national health system. Data collection was performed from October2009 to May 2010. The women's sociodemographic, economic and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Pain intensity was evaluated using a visual analogue scale. The depressive symptoms were investigated using Beck's Depression Inventory. Statistical analysis was performed using position measures (mean, median), dispersion (standard deviation) and the χ2 test. Values of p≤ .05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was 41.6±9.4 years. The following features predominated: secondary education level; pardo (brown) skin color; Catholic religion; and living with a steady partner. Most (98%) were economically active and worked with general domestic services. Regarding the participants' subjective perception of pain, 52% reported experiencing intense pain, while 48% reported experiencing moderate pain. Most women (52%) had been living with pain for five years or less, and 30%, for over 11 years. The mean BDI score was 17.4 (±9.4). It was observed that 58% of the women presented mild, moderate and severe depressive symptoms according to the BDI. The most frequent depressive symptoms were fatigability, loss of libido, irritability, difficulty to work, somatic preoccupations, crying, dissatisfaction, sadness, and insomnia. CONCLUSION: Depressive symptoms were frequent among these women suffering ...

Características do atendimento pré-natal na rede básica de saúde / Characteristics of prenatal care in the basic health care network / Características de la atención prenatal en la red básica de salud

O objetivo deste survey descritivo-exploratório foi analisar as características do atendimento pré-natal na rede de atenção básica à saúde. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista estruturada e submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Os resultados evidenciaram inadequações relacionadas ao início tardio do pré-natal, à realização da ultrassonografia e à baixa participação em atividades educativas. O índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda indicou baixo nível de adequação do pré-natal (35%). Identificou-se a necessidade de promover intervenções em saúde para melhorar o acesso precoce das gestantes ao pré-natal e monitorar o cumprimento dos protocolos assistenciais preconizados para garantir uma prática segura de cuidados à saúde durante a gestação, parto e puerpério.

The objective of this descriptive-exploratory survey was to analyze the prenatal care in the basic health care network. Data collection was performed by means of structured interviews and then submitted to descriptive analysis. Results revealed inadequacies related to a late onset of prenatal care, few ultrasounds performed and poor participation in educational activities. The Takeda-modified Kessner index indicated the prenatal care had a low adequacy level (35%). There is a need to promote health interventions to improve the rates pregnant women who make an early start in prenatal care and monitor the compliance to the recommended health care protocols to ensure safe health care practice during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium.

El objetivo de este survey descriptivo y exploratorio fue analizar las características de la atención prenatal en la red de atención básica a la salud. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante entrevistas estructuradas y sometidos a análisis estadístico descriptivo. Los resultados expresaron inadecuaciones relativas al inicio tardío del prenatal, la realización de la ecografía y la baja participación en actividades educativas. El índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda indicó bajo nivel de adecuación del prenatal (35%). Se identificó la necesidad de promover intervenciones en salud para mejorar el acceso precoz de las gestantes al prenatal y monitorear el cumplimiento de los protocolos de atención recomendados para garantizar una práctica segura de cuidados a la salud durante la gestación, el parto y el puerperio.

Qualidade de vida do laringectomizado traqueostomizado / Quality of life in laryngectomy with tracheostomy

Introdução: O câncer laríngeo é responsável poraproximadamente 75.300 mortes por ano em todo mundo,numa incidência de aproximadamente 136.000 novos casos/ano. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos de remoção do tumor laríngeo,(Laringectomias Totais ou Parciais), geram mutilações definitivasou temporárias para o paciente em função de uma traqueostomiaassociada: respiração, deglutição, digestão, gustação, olfação,fala, aparência, e alterando sua qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Oobjetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de vida do pacientelaringectomizado traqueostomizado, a partir de um questionárioespecífico traduzido e validado para o português em pacientessubmetidos à laringectomias parciais ou totais que estejamtraqueostomizados e, avaliar possíveis diferenças entre osescores médios deste questionário com faixas etárias e sexosdiferentes. Método: Estudo quali-quantitativo de verificaçãoda qualidade de vida de 31 pacientes laringectomizados etraqueostomizados, utilizando-se como instrumento o WHOQOLversão 4, correlacionando-o com a faixa etária e sexodos pacientes. Resultados: alterações importantes na fala edeglutição, principalmente nas mulheres, tendo sido consideradacomo boa à qualidade de vida global. Conclusão: Qualidade devida é um termo amplo, subjetivo e tem sido objeto de interesseda comunidade científica relacionada à saúde, sendo fundamentalestudar seu impacto para promover melhora da terapêutica a serutilizada.

Introduction: The laryngeal cancer is responsible forapproximately 75,300 deaths per year worldwide, an incidenceof approximately 136,000 new cases per year. The surgicalremoval of laryngeal tumor (Total or Partial laryngectomy),create temporary or permanent mutilation for the patient due toa tracheostomy associated: breathing, swallowing, digestion, taste, olfaction, speech, appearance, and changing their quality of life. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life of laryngectomized patients with tracheostomy., From a questionnaire translated and validated into Portuguese in patients undergoing partial or total laryngectomy in 31 patients whoalso are tracheostomized and to evaluate possible differences between the mean scores this questionnaire with age and gender different. Method: A qualitative and quantitative monitoring of the quality of life of laryngectomized patients with tracheostomy, using as instrument the WHO-QOL, version 4, also calculates it to age and sex. Results: Significant changes in speech and swallowing, particularly women, have been seen as a good overall quality of life. Conclusion: Quality of life is a wide term, subjective and has been the subject of interest to the scientific community related to health and is essential to study their impact to promote improved treatment to be used.

Extinction of canid populations by inbreeding depression under stochastic environments in Southwestern Goiás State: a simulation study

A frequently addressed question in conservation biology is what is the chance of survival for a population for a given number of years under certain conditions of habitat loss and human activities. This can be estimated through an integrated analysis of genetic, demographic and landscape processes, which allows the prediction of more realistic and precise models of population persistence. In this study, we modeled extinction in stochastic environments under inbreeding depression for two canid species, the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachiurus) and the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), in southwest Goiás State. Genetic parameters were obtained from six microsattelite loci (Short Tandem Repeats - STR), which allowed estimates of inbreeding levels and of the effective population size under a stepwise mutation model based on heterozygosis. The simulations included twelve alternative scenarios with varying rates of habitat loss, magnitude of population fluctuation and initial inbreeding levels. ANOVA analyses of the simulation results showed that times to extinction were better explained by demographic parameters. Times to extinction ranged from 352 to 844, in the worst and best scenario, respectively, for the large-bodied maned wolf. For the small-bodied crab-eating fox, these same estimates were 422 and 974 years. Simulations results are within the expectation based on knowledge about species' life history, genetics and demography. They suggest that populations can persist through a reasonable time (i.e., more than 200 years) even under the worst demographic scenario. Our analyses are a starting point for a more focused evaluation of persistence in these populations. Our results can be used in future research aiming at obtaining better estimates of parameters that may, in turn, be used to achieve more appropriate and realist population viability models at a regional scale.

Genética da conservação em espécies vegetais do cerrado / Conservation genetics in vegetal species of cerrado

Este artigo de atualização reúne alguns estudos que foram desenvolvidos com o intuito de analisar a variabilidade genética em espécies vegetais presentes no Cerrado Brasileiro. A região dos cerrados apresenta grande diversificação faunística e florística, em suas diferentes fisionomias vegetais. O desconhecimento do potencial de uso dos recursos naturais, o desrespeito às leis de proteção ambiental, as queimadas e a intensidade de exploração agrícola têm provocado prejuízos irreparáveis ao solo, à fauna, à flora e aos recursos hídricos, comprometendo a sustentabilidade desse ecossistema e colocando muitas espécies animais e vegetais em risco de extinção, principalmente as frutíferas nativas. Essas espécies e outras espécies animais são intensamente exploradas e (ou) caçadas. Analisar a variabilidade genética dessas populações é de extrema importância, pois permite fornecer subsídios para a elaboração de estratégias de conservação dessas espécies que habitam o Cerrado, um bioma considerado bastante ameaçado e classificado como um hotspot de diversidade biológica. Através desta atualização, pretende-se apresentar alguns trabalhos com espécies vegetais do Cerrado na área de Genética da Conservação.

Hypothesis testing of genetic similarity based on RAPD data using Mantel tests and model matrices

Clustering and ordination procedures in multivariate analyses have been widely used to describe patterns of genetic distances. However, in some cases, such as when dealing with Jaccard coefficients based on RAPD data, these techniques may fail to represent genetic distances because of the high dimensionality of the genetic distances caused by stochastic variation in DNA fragments among the units analyzed (species or populations). In this note, we show how Mantel tests can be used to test hypotheses about genetic distances and avoid problems with multivariate data representation. The procedure is illustrated with RAPD data comparing 20 anuran species from the cerrado, in which Jaccard genetic distances were compared to three model matrices linking the species at distinct taxonomic levels